VI. INVASION INFORMATION Invasion History:
The blackchin tilapia was the first of at least six species of tilapia that have been released into Florida environments (Shafland 1996). The species was originally imported into the United States to be raised and sold for the aquarium trade (Axelrod and Schultz 1955). Initial release to the natural environment was most likely an accidental escape from a west coast fish farm in the mid-1950s.
Introduction of blackchin tilapia to Florida waters initially occurred near Tampa Bay in the 1950s, through release associated with the aquarium trade (Springer and Finucane 1963, Courtenay and Robins 1973, Hensley and Courtenay 1980, Jennings and Williams 1992). The first records confirming collection of this species from the wild on the west coast of Florida date to 1959 (Springer and Finucane 1963).
The east coast IRL watershed blackchin tilapia population became established substantially later; the first reported collection from the wild dates to 1980 from Satellite Beach in Brevard County (Dial and Wainright 1983).
The east coast population may also derive from aquarium releases or aquaculture escapes, although there is some speculation that it resulted from an intentional introduction by fishermen (Dial and Wainright 1983, Jennings and Williams 1992). One additional IRL introduction pathway has been proposed that points to escape of this species from an ornamental pond located at the Satellite Beach Civic Center where it was used to control the growth of algae (Dial and Wainright 1983). Regardless of the actual mechanism, authors have suggested Satellite Beach as the likely epicenter for the east coast S. melanotheron introduction (Dial and Wainright 1983, Jennings and Williams 1992).
Thermal tolerance limits may restrict northward expansion of the Florida range of blackchin tilapia, but there appears to be no similar mechanism limiting southward range expansion (Snodgrass 1989, Jennings and Williams 1992).
Potential to Compete With Natives:
Large populations of S. melanotheron likely compete with native fish populations for resources. Courtenay et al. (1974) provide circumstantial evidence, noting a malnourished and diseased appearance in largemouth bass and bluegills co-occurring with non-native blackchin tilapia in a Florida freshwater spring. In addition to dietary items, blackchin tilapia may compete with other species for breeding and nesting space, as is typical for cichlids.
Direct predation of S. melanotheron on co-occurring native species may be less important than competitive interactions. Given their adaptability and euryhaline habit, however, the species nevertheless has the ability to dominate systems it invades potentially resulting in biodiversity reduction (Dial and Wainright 1983). FishBase rates the resilience of S. melanotheron as "medium" based on an estimated minimum population doubling time of 1.4 - 4.4 years.
Established populations of blackchin tilapia have been associated with a reduction of aquatic vegetation due to overgrazing (Courtenay et al. 1974).
Possible Economic Consequences of Invasion:
Blackchin tilapia have been exploited as a food resource in their native range, and have been utilized as an aquaculture and non-native fishery species elsewhere as well. Early records of commercial utilization in Florida date from 1959, when the species was marketed under the name "African sunfish" (Springer and Finucane 1963). S. melanotheron taken from Florida waters are included as commercial fishery landings, but no estimate on the value of this fishery component has been assessed.
No studies have been reported that fully evaluate the economic impacts this exotic fish has had on freshwater, marine, and estuarine systems in Florida.