Unfortunately there really isn't a quick fix. If you use the diatom filter it will again turn cloudy as it tries to rebuild it's biological filter. For all intents & purposes - it's a brand new tank...
I would be interested to know the ammonia & nitrite levels to see which way they're going. If the ammonia reading is awful, try and do smaller water changes (which of course will delay the cycling process a bit more, but will keep the fish alive..better yet, if they can be moved to a different tank until this one stabilizes that would be best for them)
With such a small amount of gravel, large water changes & a new filter it is going to take a while to rebuild. The use of any type of clarifiers at this point would be throwing away money and all you're doing is adding more chemicals...always a poor idea.
Do you know anyone with the same type filter that you can scrounge a freshly used filter cartridge from to help seed it faster?
Can't hurt to add a dose of 'Cycle', at most it will help, and there is no downside.
BTW - do you know what medication was used in the tank? Carbon should have been able to remove it & the use of the diatom would have been helpful then, but we're past that point.