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It is now widely accepted that the high productivity of corals in natural reef habitats owes to their association with certain symbiotic microbes known as diazotrophs (or nitrogen fixers). In fact, corals adjust their endosymbiotic loads of these microbes in response to changing nitrogen availability.

The purple non-sulfur Alphaproteobacterium in PNS ProBio™ (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) is shown in this study to be an important coral-associated diazotroph (particularly during the summer, or generally when nitrogen availability is poor).

"The seasonal variations of all diazotrophic communities were significantly correlated with the seasonal shifts of ammonium and nitrate, suggesting that diazotrophs play an important role in the nitrogen cycle of the coral holobiont." For example, "for coral Porites lutea, Deltaproteobacteria dominated the variable nifH sequences retrieved from spring samples, and the Alphaproteobacteria dominated those from summer ones. Within the Deltaproteobacteria, the majority of these sequences were affiliated with the genera Desulfovibrio and Desulfuromonas, with six dominant ribotypes (OTU619, OTU627, OTU2272, OTU630, OTU2284, and OTU649) comprising up to 14.09% of sequences recovered... The most dominant group (OTU3604), which represented 14.51% of the total sequences recovered from summer Porites lutea samples affiliated with purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris (92% similarity)."

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